Springfield, Missouri Race Relationships Essay - 2141 Words

Springfield, Missouri: Race Relationships in the Early 20th Century Looking back on history, it is important not to forget uncomfortable issues that occurred. Missouri, filled with successes, has also had its share of important controversial issues. Recent occurrences like in Ferguson, Missouri in 2014, foreshadow racial tensions in Missouri history. Specifically, Southern Ozark Missouri history. Starting around 1865, Jim Crow Laws affected the state tremendously. They created segregation, which turned to into violent acts against those of color. The NAACP found, during their anti-lynching campaign, Missouri had 81 lynchings between 1889 and 1916. Three of the lynchings happened on the town square of Springfield in 1906. Springfield, during the early 20th century reflects how Jim Crow laws led to acts of violence against the African American community. These lynchings are the type of history that should not be overlooked in Missouri history. Springfield is located on the Plateau of the Ozarks in the Southwest region of Missouri. It is about fifty-seven miles from the southern border. Segregation, enacted by Jim Crow laws, was a part of Springfield society in the late 19th century. Jim Crow laws in Missouri between 1865 and 1952 consisted of, â€Å"seven school segregation and five miscegenation statutes, a public accommodations statute and a law forbidding interracial adoptions.† These Jim Crow laws depict the state s racial stance, similar of most other border states atShow MoreRelatedLegal Aspects of Diversity Article Review Essay900 Words   |  4 Pagesfrustration of a fisherman that could not find any tackle in his town. So in 1971, Johnny Morris rented a U-Haul and headed across America filling the truck with the newest tackle as he went. Once Johnny had finished, he returned home to Springfield, Missouri, and started his own fishing business with eight feet of space in his father’s liquor store (B ass pro shops, 2012). This became a starting point for many fishermen in the Ozark’s famous bass lakes. In 1974, after much demand, Johnny createdRead MoreBiography of Abraham Lincoln1491 Words   |  6 Pagesfrontier obscurity and raised in a log cabin, Lincoln rose quickly in society from a backwoods rail-splitter to a militia captain in the Blackhawk War. Later, his law career led him into politics and he entered the public spotlight in a U.S. Senate race that centered on the future of slavery in America. Lincoln went on to become the first Republican president and his election led to Southern secession and the Civil War. A shrewd politician, Lincoln managed to lead the North to victory and laid theRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Of Cairo1928 Words   |  8 Pagesdisillusioned with the slow pace of change in race relations and polices as opposed to the meteoric promises by Civil Rights leaders. Activists grew jaded after viewing and experiencing the full brunt of whi te resistance to the movement. The predominance of nonviolent integration began to wane by the mid-60s, as groups and organizations began to splinter and radicalize. Much of the anger and frustration of urban blacks erupted into violent confrontations. These race riots would leave behind a negative socialRead MoreLincoln and the Abolitionists Essay5776 Words   |  24 Pagesfor the place of United States Senate from their state. In that campaign he won laurels on the score of his intellectual ability and forensic powers; but if our recollection is not at fault, his ground on the score of humanity towards the oppressed race was too low. In the eyes of black abolitionist H. Ford Douglass, Lincolns stature showed no improvement during the 1860 presidential campaign: I do not believe in the anti-slavery of Abraham Lincoln .... Two years ago, I went through the StateRead MoreGirl Gangs and the Female Crime Wave in America Essay6758 Words   |  28 Pageswomen are forcing their way into the world of major crimes† (13). Economic factors are also cited as reasons for increased gang involvement. Arguing that â€Å"a new attitude of female criminal independence is emerging† and that the â€Å"male-female gang relationship is also being altered,† scholars like Taylor claim that an influx of crack cocaine in the mid 1980s, during a time of deindustrialization and increased poverty, provided females with incentive to take advantage of â€Å"gender-neutral† employment opportunitiesRead MoreThe Most Controversial American Presidents9333 Words   |  38 Pagesand only Catholic and the first Irish American president, and is the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs In vasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early stages of the Vietnam War. Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States from 1969–1974 and was also the 36th Vice President of the UnitedRead MoreAmerican Slang Essay 115481 Words   |  62 Pagesfixed once and for all, but its changes through time and from one place to another. The relationship between student and professor is an example of one such situation. As far as we can judge from our experience, this situation is more formal in Britain than in the United States. But in both places this situation has become less formal since the late 1960s. However, there is no simple or automatic relationship between the formality of the situation and language. Usually both change together, andRead MoreBlue Man Case Study Essay10220 Words   |  41 Pagesthemselves in their mid-20s, sharing an apartment in New York City, each quite different but all in search of a creative outlet. Matt had once read that life was a succession of hitting plateaus right when you needed to meet a person or form a relationship to move to the next level. â€Å"That was our experience,† he said. Phil was the relative newcomer to the group; Matt and Chris had a history that extended back to high school. Matt was born into a fourth-generation New York City family, his motherRead MoreManagement and Rolls Access Code14663 Words   |  59 Pagesof authority structures and relations.8 Weber described an ideal type of organization he called a bureaucracy—a form of organization characterized by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules and regulations, and impersonal relationships. Management with Rolls Access Code, Ninth Edition, by Stephen P. Robbins and Mary Coulter. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. 2008934301 Chapter Two Management Yesterday and Today 33 Exhibit 2–3Read MoreStudy of Seasonality in the Indian Stock Market21577 Words   |  87 Pagesactually works. One aspect of capital market conditions that might become consideration before deciding to invest is the market efficiency. The term of market efficiency, which is found in the capital market literature, is used to elaborate the relationship between the information and the share price. In 1970, Fama proposed the Efficient Market Theory and defined capital market efficiency as the market in which prices fully reflect all available information. Depending on the meaning of â€Å"all available

Vertebrates - Vertebrata - the Animal Encyclopedia

Vertebrates (Vertebrata) are a group of chordates that includes birds, mammals, fishes,  lampreys, amphibians, and reptiles. Vertebrates have a vertebral column in which the notochord is replaced by multiple vertebrae that form a backbone. The vertebrae surround and protect a nerve cord and provide the animal with structural support.  Vertebrates have a well-developed head, a distinct brain that is protected by a skull, and paired sense organs. They also have a highly efficient respiratory system, a muscular pharynx with slits and gills (in terrestrial vertebrates the slits and gills are greatly modified), a muscularized gut, and a chambered heart. Another notable character of vertebrates is their endoskeleton. An endoskeleton is an internal assemblage of notochord, bone or cartilage that provides the animal with structural support. The endoskeleton grows as the animal grows and provides a sturdy framework to which the animals muscles are attached. The vertebral column in vertebrates is one of the groups defining characteristics. In most vertebrates, a notochord is present early in their development. The notochord is a flexible yet supportive rod that runs along the length of the body. As the animal develops, the notochord is replaced by a series of vertebrae that form the vertebral column. Basal vertebrates such as cartilaginous fishes and ray-finned fishes breath using gills. Amphibians have external gills in the larval stage of their development and (in most species) lungs as adults. Higher vertebrates—such as reptiles, birds, and mammals—have lungs instead of gills. For many years, the earliest vertebrates were thought to be the ostracoderms, a group of jawless, bottom-dwelling, filter-feeding marine animals. But during the past decade, researchers have discovered several fossil vertebrates that are older than the ostracoderms. These newly discovered specimens, which are about 530 million years old, include Myllokunmingia and Haikouichthys. These fossils exhibit numerous vertebrate traits such as a heart, paired eyes, and primitive vertebrae. The origin of jaws marked an important point in vertebrate evolution. Jaws enabled vertebrates to capture and consume larger prey than their jawless ancestors. Scientists believe that jaws arose via the modification of the first or second-gill arches. This adaptation is thought to have at first been a way of increasing gill ventilation. Later, as musculature developed and the gill arches bent forward, the structure functioned as jaws. Of all living vertebrates, only the lampreys lack jaws. Key Characteristics The key characteristics of vertebrates include: vertebral columnwell-developed headdistinct brainpaired sense organsefficient respiratory systemmuscular pharynx with slits and gillsmuscularized gutchambered heartendoskeleton Species Diversity Approximately 57,000 species.  Vertebrates account for about 3% of all known species on our planet. The other 97% of species alive today are invertebrates. Classification Vertebrates are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals Chordates Vertebrates Vertebrates are divided into the following taxonomic groups: Bony fishes (Osteichthyes) - There are about 29,000 species of bony fishes alive today. Members of this group include ray-finned fishes and lobe-finned fishes. Bony fishes are so named because they have a skeleton made of true bone.Cartilaginous fishes (Chondricthyes) - There are about 970 species of cartilaginous fishes alive today. Members of this group include sharks, rays, skates, and chimaeras. Cartilaginous fishes have a skeleton that is made of cartilage instead of bone.Lampreys and Hagfishes (Agnatha) - There are about 40 species of lamprey alive today. Members of this group include pouched lampreys, Chilean lampreys, Australian lampreys, northern lampreys, and others. Lampreys are jawless vertebrates that have a long narrow body. They lack scales and have a sucker-like mouth.Tetrapods (Tetrapoda) - There are about 23,000 species of tetrapods alive today. Members of this group include birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles. Tetrapods are vertebrates with four limbs (or whos e ancestors had four limbs). References Hickman C, Roberts L, Keen S. Animal Diversity. 6th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2012. 479 p. Hickman C, Roberts L, Keen S, Larson A, lAnson H, Eisenhour D. Integrated Principles of Zoology 14th ed. Boston MA: McGraw-Hill; 2006. 910 p.

The Application Of Affirmative Action - 1803 Words

I. The Application First and foremost, I agree with the idea of affirmative action. I believe that it brings benefits and that any flaws it may have are minuscule compared to the advantages it brings to society, students’ lives, and schools in general. It is also blatantly obvious that affirmative action does NOT violate the 14th Amendment nor does it violate the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It is paramount to address the admission committees in this issue. The way schools read applications is that they first look at the scores then they look at all the soft variables such as the essay, recommendation letters, and the extracurriculars. As long as an applicant meets the â€Å"range†, scores are no longer a factor for decisions. In other words,†¦show more content†¦Although GPA is basically an uneven playing field, there are certain ways to circumvent that. Adcoms (admission committees) recalculate GPA using their own methods. Even so, the fact that the GPA was determined in two distinctly different environments is and will always be an issue. Since institutions of higher education realize the differences in essentially everything and try to equate that as much as possible, its logical they do the same with URMs. It is not a racist assumption that URMs face lives differently, if not more difficult that anyone of a majority ethnicity does. This must be taken into account. There are a few URMs who are of the upper class but this is the minority of minorities. A recent study in 2013 by the Wall Street Journal showed that the median household income by race was as follows(I read a graph so they are rounded a bit). Asian American-$68,000 White-$57,000 Hispanic(Non-White)-$39,000 Black-$33,000 Clearly, on average, URMS such as Hispanics and Blacks are at an economic disadvantage. The correlation between grades and income is also very obvious. 34% the income bracket between $10,000 and $19,999 have GPAs under 2.50 whereas only 23% with $100,000 or more had a 2.50 GPA. We can attempt to use socio-economic situation instead of race, but that leads to less diversity, which is another amendment that affirmative action makes.Show MoreRelatedAffirmative Action Should Not Be A Program1540 Words   |  7 Pagesmodern American government and yet is still very active today. Affirmative action is defined as â€Å"the practice of improving the educational and job opportunities of members of groups that have not been treated fairly in the past because of their race, sex, etc† (Merriam-Webster). Affirmative action creates a blatantly unfair advantage in college and job applications to non-minority races and is ultimately a racist law. Affirmative action is most prominent in t he College admission process, where itsRead MoreThe Benefits Of Affirmative Action855 Words   |  4 PagesThe benefits of affirmative action for society The ethical issues around the policy of affirmative action often raises disputes in the society. The opponents of the affirmative action or positive discrimination consider that it is the same discrimination, but of the minority against the majority. Some opponents consider that the affirmative action not only does not help the groups of minority, but also diminishes their achievements by providing them extra opportunities. Undoubtedly, there is a reasonRead MoreAffirmative Actions Have Consequences Essay example1219 Words   |  5 Pagesthe scene. Fisher’s lawyer argued against affirmative action on the grounds of unfair treatment. Some sided with Abigail, but all those who opposed her case said nothing about affirmative action as a means to increase fairness; their only claims stressed the importance of diversity in a university setting (Leonhardt 1). The Supreme Court is getting more and more appeals for cases concerning what seems to be a growing and important issue. Affirmative action is defined as a policy or program for correctingRead MoreToday, The United States Illustrates Many Circumstances1397 Words   |  6 PagesSome debacles of race include those of a minority population being targeted, however the opposite is true for those trying to become a part of a college or university. In the college application process, the federal government requires the administrators to ask which race the applicant is from on their college application, in order to promote â€Å"equality† and diversity in a college atmosphere and more opportunities for minorities. This, however, plays a larger negative effect on people of white descentRead MoreAffirmative Action And Its Effects On Affirmative1263 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout America there are many different views on the effects of affirmative action. Many see it as a negative policy which gives an unnecessary advantage to minorities in America. In a 2009 Pew Poll, â€Å"58% of African Americans ag ree† and only â€Å"22% whites agree† that there should be â€Å"preferential treatment to improve the position of blacks and other minorities† (Public Backs Affirmative Action†). Today affirmative action and other racial injustices tend to be in the spotlight quite often, suchRead MoreAffirmative Action For College Admissions990 Words   |  4 Pages Affirmative action in college admissions continues to be heatedly debated. In 2003, the Supreme Court had ruled in Grutter v. Bollinger that diversity was a compelling interest for colleges to use race in admissions. In the amicus brief that the American Sociological Association et al. provided to the Supreme Court, sociological evidence was presented to elucidate the value of affirmative action. Yet in 2006, Proposal 2 was passed in Michigan to ban affirmative action in public education (Levitsky)Read More Affirmative Action is Not the Answer Essay843 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative Action is Not the Answer      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Created in the 1960s, affirmative action programs attempted to undo past racial discrimination by giving preference to blacks and other minorities.   The idea behind these programs was to help minorities gain the representation in the job market that paralleled their percentage of the population (Finley 1).   Unfortunately, affirmative action has mutated into a thirty-year-old policy that places many underqualified minoritiesRead MoreGraduation Speech : High School1522 Words   |  7 Pagesto apply to because college application are expensive, averaging ninety dollars per application. The minimum number of colleges that students are told to apply to varies from counselor to counselor. Students could always apply to more colleges but the application fees add up. Therefore, students tend to gravitate towards colleges that they have a higher chance of getting accepted into. A plan that has been implemented in several universities called The Affirmative Action plan promises to increase diversityRead More Affirmative Action - Is it Fair? Essay764 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative Action - Is it Fair Affirmative action in theory and in thought is intended to promote the welfare of this country’s minorities by supporting the idea that individuals are equal and should not be judged by race or sex. Therefore, in situations like job and university applications, we should consider minorities to be as feasible a choice for hire as a white male candidate, taking into consideration their background. In short, it tries to give minorities that have been at a disadvantageRead MoreLegal Writing1315 Words   |  6 PagesAffirmative Action College Admissions 2 Abstract Affirmative action has been a strong subject of discussion and debate for more than 30 years. Its use in college admissions has even been heard and ruled by the U.S. Supreme Court. Affirmative action is in essence, a policy or procedure developed by numerous institutions of higher learning to attempt to diversify their student bodies racially and by ethnicity. Looking closer at this procedure will display the advantages and disadvantages of

Legalizing Same Sex Marriage Is Not The End Of The Fight...

On June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States declared all state-level bans against same-sex marriage unconstitutional, legalizing same-sex marriage all over the nation. While this ruling was a huge victory for the gay rights movement, it was not the end of the fight for equal gay rights. In fact, many gay people are still fighting for adoption rights, job safety, and government protections from abuse and segregation. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to find solutions for a significant social issue such as gay rights when both sides of the debate are in a stubborn gridlock. However, the conversation about that issue can be reinvigorated if people from opposing sides are exposed to fresh perspectives they had not considered before, paving the way for possible compromises. One way this can be achieved is with the help of a human belief system that is common to both sides of the social issue, such as Christianity. Because Christianity has millions of followers on both side s of the debate on homosexuality, it has a direct influence on many people’s views of homosexual individuals. Therefore, it can be used to reshape the currently intractable and conflicting discourse on gay rights in the United States in order to stimulate more productive discussion about homophobia and foster cooperation on both sides of the issue. Christianity’s size and influence are so vast that it affects not only Christians, but also atheists and people of different faiths, making it anShow MoreRelatedRedefining Marriage in Our Country1390 Words   |  6 PagesStates. Gay marriage will have an effect on the country, and the people need to decide whether it will be a positive or negative outcome. â€Å"When you talk about redefining marriage, youre really talking about an overthrow of this natural order or natural law, because marriage is something that predates government. So this is a big deal, a once-in-a-lifetime debate about whether to overturn the natural o rder upon which our rights are based† (Masci 1). The societal risks of legalizing gay marriage far outweighRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legal?1183 Words   |  5 PagesOf course gay marriage affects society is several ways. Society has always looked upon gay marriage as between a man and a woman, by legalizing same-sex marriage the traditional idea of marriage is revised. If same-sex marriage is legal, should it be taught about in schools? Matt Stick asks interesting questions in his article â€Å"How could gay marriage harm anyone?† He brings up the question of â€Å"If a parent objects to a school teaching pro-homosexuality and pulls his child out of school and becauseRead MoreEssay about Gay Marriage and the Government1712 Words   |  7 PagesIn recent years, the debate over same-sex marriage has grown into a nationwide controversy, reverberating into the halls of congress, at the white house, in dozens of state and legislature and courtrooms, and in the rhet oric of election campaigns at both the national and state levels. As the debate rages on, the American religious community remains deeply divided over the issue, and over the morality of homosexuality. The debate has grown from an issue that occasionally arose in a few states to aRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage938 Words   |  4 PagesRights To All Most people believe that they deserve the rights they are granted by the government. A citizen who pays their taxes, serves their community and abides by the law should be afforded the same rights as any American. However, not all citizens are afforded equal rights. Lesbians, gays, bi-sexual, and transgender (LGBT) are consistently denied rights that are typically taken for granted by the average American. Specifically, gay and lesbians couples are denied the right to marry even ifRead MoreThe Fight For Equal Rights For Same Sex Marriages Across The United States1393 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fight for Equal Rights for Same-Sex Marriages across the United States Having one loving parent is good. Having two loving parents is great. Having a mother and a father is traditional. Having two mothers or two fathers is wrong. This is what we are told to believe but as we learn from our past and grow as a society, we start to look for positive change in which our values are challenged and the truth becomes clear. It is not right to take away the basic rights of a person because ofRead More The Gay Marriage Controversy Essays2427 Words   |  10 PagesMarriage has been an important part of life since the Biblical times. It usually consists of the union of a man and a woman, but for gays and lesbians, it is the union of two men and two women. On June 26, 2015, the US Supreme Court ruled that the US Constitution guarantees the right for same-sex couples to marry. Many conservatives are completely against gay marriage and they have stated that they will fight to have the Supreme Court ruling overturned. Legalizing gay marriage is a very difficultRead MoreGay Marriage Is The Same Way?1389 Words   |  6 PagesGay Marriage in America â€Å"Gay marriage won t be more of an issue 25 years from now than interracial marriage is† Jared Polis. This quote, I believe is extremely truthful. Interracial marriage has been legal ever since 1967, that was forty seven years ago. In this day of age interracial marriage is not a big deal. No one really makes a fuss about a black man and a white woman getting married, but pre 1967 interracial marriage was illegal and not right what-so-ever. Black people were lynched for evenRead MoreEssay about Gay Marriage Should be Legal Despite Being Immoral910 Words   |  4 Pages2015, the US Supreme Court ruled that the US Constitution guarantees the right for same-sex couples to marry. Many conservatives are completely against gay marriage and they have stated that they will fight to have the Supreme Court ruling overturned. There are a number of reasons opponents to gay marriage argue that the Supreme Court has made a huge mistake . First, certain religious interpretations mai ntain that gay marriage is sinful. Fortunately, our country is not a theocracy and public policyRead MoreEquality Does Not Mean Equity : Gay Marriage Rights1891 Words   |  8 PagesEquality Does Not Mean Equity: Gay Marriage Rights Today, is known as a joyous or radiant matter to some but a disgraceful or even a sinful issue to others. Equality and equity are two important terms that are often confused and misused. Both of these terms are used to illustrate justice and creating fairness in societies today, but for some reason, these words are often misunderstood. Equality is known as another meaning for sameness and equal treatment. Equity is known as another meaning for fairnessRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Essay877 Words   |  4 PagesSame Sex Marriage! There are many different views and opinions on the relationship between a man and a woman vs. the relationship between a man and a man or a woman and a woman for that matter. Same-sex marriage is a big issue in the United States, many are against it however; many are for it. If you do your research, you can find many negative and positive reasons for which society thinks it should be legal or illegal. What people fail to realize, is that what matters in a marriage is love. Marriage

The Road Essay †Cormac Mccarthy Free Essays

The Road by: Cormac McCarthy Described the novel as a â€Å"gripping, heart-rending story, which explores the depths of despair and savagery beside the heights of love, tenderness and self-sacrifice. † Destruction, survival, isolation, and death are prominent themes in The Road. Most life has been wiped out by some unnamed catastrophic event. We will write a custom essay sample on The Road Essay – Cormac Mccarthy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cities are destroyed; plant life is gone; animals have disappeared. Civilization has broken down, and chaos reigns in its place. No matter where the man and the boy go, houses have no roofs and are rotting from the rain and wind. The natural cycle of seasons has been destroyed: it seems to be perpetually winter. Even the stability of the earth is off-kilter, for an earthquake shakes the ground on the East Coast. In a storytelling style that is stripped as bare as the novel’s setting, McCarthy recounts the journey of an unnamed man and boy, in an undefined location, who search among the debris in the aftermath of some cataclysmic event for morsels of food and warmth. Though their lungs are tortured by the thick ash that discolors and taints the air, and their unshod feet are blistered and almost frozen, they trudge forever forward, always hoping for something better, something similar to the past. They rarely find it. And they dare not linger, because other wanderers, likewise cold and hungry, will inevitably come upon them, fighting for the tidbits that the man and boy have found. In stark contrast to the devastated surroundings stands the man and boy’s unshaken devotion to one another. In a landscape where nothing blooms, their love flourishes and grows deeper, even as they wonder all the while which one of them will die first. They keep three things in mind as they move south toward a dream of warmth: they must find food, they must find clean water, and they must continually hide. bib: D. Dona Le, author of ClassicNote. Completed on July 24, 2009, copyright held by GradeSaver. Updated and revised by Adam Kissel September 19, 2009. Copyright held by GradeSaver. McCarthy, Cormac. The Road. London: Picador, 2006. McCarthy, Cormac. No Country for Old Men. London: Picador, 2007. White, J. M. â€Å"The Road (Book Review). Appalachian Heritage. 2006-12-01. 2009-07-20. . Whitmer, Benjamin. â€Å"The Road (Book Review). † The Modern Word. 2006-10-23. 2009-07-18. . Woodward, Richard B. â€Å"Cormac McCarthy’s Venomous Fiction. † The New York Times. 1992-04-19. 2009-07-14. . Kollin, Susan. â€Å"Genre and the Geographies of Violence: Cormac McCarthy an d the Contemporary Western. † Contemporary Literature 42:3 (Autumn 2001): 557-588. JSTOR. TCD Libraries, Dublin, Ireland. 18 July 2009. . Ellis, Jay. â€Å"‘What Happens to Country’ in Blood Meridian. † Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature 60:1 (2006): 85-97. JSTOR. TCD Libraries, Dublin, Ireland. 18 July 2009. . How to cite The Road Essay – Cormac Mccarthy, Essays

Ancient Roman Meals Essay Example For Students

Ancient Roman Meals Essay Ancient Roman MealsThe ancient Romans were similar to todays generations in their eatinghabits but never ate three hearty meals a day. Ientaculum and prandium weremerely appetizers that filled their stomachs unitl the large cena, the eventthey look forward to since awakening. They had names for their meals similar toours, breakfast (ientaculum), lunch (prandium), and dinner (cena). Breakfast, ientaculum was usually taken about nine oclock and consistedof merely a few pieces of bread sprinkled in salt or dipped in wine, and with afew raisins and olives, and a little cheese added. The poorest Romans atelittle other than wheat either crushed to make a porridge or ground into flourfor bread. Lunch, or prandium was usually taken at noon. It was usually nothingmore than a piece of bread accompanied by cold meat, vegetables, and fruitwashed down with a glass of wine. Both ientaculum and prandium were so shortthere was no need to set the table or wash ones hands. The only serious meal was the evening dinner or cena. Dinner time waspractically the same for all Romans due to the lack of artificial light. Dinnerwas after the bath at the end of the eigth hour in winter and at the ninth insummer. The food is mostly cold,-breads, salads, olives, cheeses, and meatsremaing from last nights dinner. Occasionally, hot dishes such as ham and pigsheads are feasted upon. Some wealthy Romans would have as many as seven coursesto feed on. Trimalchio, a wealthy Roman would have a bronzed donkey with appetizerdishes of olives, stuffed dormice rolled in honey and poppy seed, hot sausageswere laid on a silver grill next to pomegranate and damson seeds. The guestswere still busy with the hors doeuvres when a tray would be brought in with abasket on it, in which there was a wooden hen spreading her wings. Under thestraw were Peahen eggs that would base passed out. Each egg contained a fatbecafico rolled up in spiced egg yolkf. There were plates with the twelve signsof Zodiac on them that had food matas ching the symbol, ram, bull, crab, figs,lion, etc. Some hosts would heat a wfshole pig and then entertain his guests byhaving skilled swordmen carve the pa fig like he was killing it. After eating,many guests would entertain each othed sfr in belching. It was consideredpolite to belch and release wind after a ni sce meal. Guests would simply snaptheir fingers and servants would come running with vases to contain urine. Spitting was also allowed on the floors of the triclinium. It is hard to imagine eating after a large dinner but dessert was next. In rich homes, dessert would be served after a bath and then led into a seconddining room where wine flowed like water. Dessert consisted of every kind offruit imaginable. Poppy-seed mixed with honey is a standard dish for dessertThe majority of the common Romans baked bread in public bakeries. Thestandard loaves are made very flat, about two inches thick, and marked withnotches on the top. There were three kinds of grains used to make bread. Coarse grain (panis sordidus) for the common people. Panis secundus for thehigher class and the very white and sweet siligincus for the rich. At feaststhere will be wonderful pastry castles and sweet cakes truly amazing with theuse of honey, chopped fruits, and nuts. Vegetables and fruits were plenitful in Rome. For many miles one couldsee gardens that send artichokes, asparagus, beans, beets, cucumber, lentils,melons, onions, peas, and pumpkins into the city. Garlic is also very popularin Roman dishes. Italy was an excellent fruit country and apples, pears, plums,grapes, and quinces were common in the markets. A wide selection of nutsincluding walnuts, filberts, and almonds were used in cooking and jsut plaineating. Peaches, apricots, cherries, and pomegranates were found in Rome butwere not as abundant. Salad greens were in great demand in Rome. .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a , .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a .postImageUrl , .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a , .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a:hover , .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a:visited , .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a:active { border:0!important; } .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a:active , .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u77a302a3506b8692b15bed0b1e7a038a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Every Cloud Has A Silver Lining EssayThe demand for meat in Rome was constantly increasing as the years wentby. Butcher shops became more popular which allowed poor people the opportunityto get meat. The poor people would buy goats flesh which was competely ignoredby finniky eaters. Beef was never really popular in Rome. Common people nevertasted beef unless it was presented at a sacrifice or great public festival. Even for the rich, beef was no real treat. Pork was always popular. Pork inall forms especially bacon and sausage was a treat to all Romans. Poultry wasin greater demand than meat. Coops full of common fowl, ducks, and geese wereon sale on every street corner. Hares, rabbits, venison, and wild boar werealso available. The butcher shops were far less important than the fish dealershops. Poor people would eat salt fish of pickled fish, from little sardines toslices of the big fish. Fresh fish was very hard to get in Rome. There are feweels and good pike available in Rome. The majority of the fish supply must bebrought from afar. Some sea-food would be transported still alive in smalltanks. Olive oil was not only food but also served the purpose of bathroom soap. It was a complete substitute for butter and made dry and moldy bread edible. It also was the basis for most perfumes and ointments. Practically every Romanhousehold had wine available. Beer and other drinks made from wheat and barleywere available and so were distilled liquors but they would never apear atItalian banquets like wine. Enormours vineyards were common in Rome. Guests were invited for dinner parties by the master during baths or byslave messenger. Out of pride, the master of the house would invite as many aspossible to dine with him and plenty of distinguished Roman citizens would havebeen happy to join in a family meal. Some hosts would invite many people butonly serve utensils and fine dishes to a select few. Some hosts would servewine to individuals based upon ones social status. This kind of discriminationmade some feel cheap and paltry. The standard size for a dinner party ws nine. Three couches, three guests to a coach meant for a single set of serving tablesand easy conversation. For larger parties, one must have more triclinia(couches). Rich Romans always served cena in a special room called a tricliniumwhose length was twice its width. Before the guests arrived, the master cookwas ordering his slaves in the kitched and a chamberlain (upper slave) wouldshout cleaning orders to lower slaves and whip them if they werent cleaningfast enough. A few signs of dirt before a party was a sign of disrespect toones guests. The Romans ate lying down resting on the left elbow. The eatingcouches had three reclining places. The reclining postition was consideredindispensible to dining comfort. The Roman women took their place next to theirman on the triclinia. The children ate sitting on stools in front of theirparents couches. Slaves reclined like their masters only on holidays and wouldusually eat in another room. Three sloping couches were placed around a square table with one sideleft open for serving. Blankets and pillows were arranged also on the couches. The couch of honor was that opposite the empty side of the table, (lectusmedius) and on it the most honorable position was the right hand one called theconsular. Next in honor came the couch to the left of the central couch calledthe lectus summus and the last couch on the right lectus imus. The guestreclined crosswise on their left elbow, their feet, which were without shoes hadbeen washed upon entrance. .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87 , .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87 .postImageUrl , .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87 , .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87:hover , .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87:visited , .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87:active { border:0!important; } .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87:active , .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87 .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7f0cda64e3cf0e4090c341f98ff76f87:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Customer Service EssayAn usher (nomenclator) announced the guests and pointed them to theirassigned couch. Waiters (ministratores) brought in the dishes and the bowls andplaced them on the tables. The tables were very plain. No tableclothes butvery shiny surfaces. A preliminary course of gustatio was served to stimulatethe appetite. On silver dishes came eggs, crabs, salads, and mushrooms. Winewas served in embossed silver cups. Depending on how many courses were servedthe dinner would come out to the sweet sounds of a live flute band and a slavewould cut meat off the whole boar and serve it to the guests. Between eachcourse, water was passed and the guests washed their ha nds and put on a lightscented perfume on their hands. It was customary for guests to take a largenapkin and fill it with scraps for later. Finally, dessert came and the guestswere treated to beautiful pastrys, artificali oysters, dried grapes and almonds,and fruits. After the conclusion of the regular dinner, the guests would stay andshare stories around the drinking bowl. The guests would customarily take abath and then mix water with pure wine to dilute it. Spanish dancing girlswould then perform acrobatics, tumbling, and act out plays. The male guestsalso have the option of having orgy with the dancers. Drinking is done to allowthe tongue to loosen and give wisdom and advice. An offering was also given tothe gods. While servants were distribtuing wine, other servants were passingout flowered wreaths and perfume. The fragrant flowers were supposed to wardoff drunkeness. During all this talk and excitement, flute and harp playersplayed behind a curtain. Many banquets lasted eight or ten hours. They were divided into acts. After each main course, dancers and musicians performed while riddles were told,lotteries held, and tricks performed. Roman cooks spent much time and effortcooking for banquets and would even disguise one food as another. Cooks showedtheir skill by trying to fool the eye by making fish out of a sows belly,chicken out of pork, cakes made to look like boiled eggs, and doves out of ham. The presentation and display of the food was just as important as the taste.