The MotherLand As Mirror Reflections On Identit free essay sample

The Mother ( Land ) As Mirror: Contemplations On Identit Essay, Research Paper The Mother ( land ) as a Mirror: Contemplations on Identity in Jean Rhys Wide Sargasso Sea Wide Sargasso Sea is a queerly beautiful and stalking narrative of acertain Creole Madwoman locked up in an English loft without a voice andwithout a past. Jane Eyre provided the inspiration for Rhys novel but thework is non limited to a simple reply to the earlier text. Rhys takes on amultitude of issues refering the consequence of the disintegrating colonial system onthe Caribbean. Among these concerns is the issue of individuality, which Rhysaddresses through the complicated and frequently symbolic mother-daughterrelationship. Antoinette Cosway begins her narrative at a unequivocal point in herchildhood when the fortunes under which she lives have begun tointensify. She lives in a volatile universe of sudden alteration and uprising # 8211 ; herold manner of life is crumpling before her immature eyes. This is the sphere in which Jean Rhys sets up her post-colonial discourse of one of the mos t mysteriouscharacters in English Literature, and the most challenging portion of that discourseis the issue of individuality in relation to the Mother and fatherland. We will write a custom essay sample on The MotherLand As Mirror Reflections On Identit or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The mother-daughter relationship can be defined in footings of a mirror, and the success of that relationship is shown in the quality and the deepness ofthe contemplation. The female parent figure represents the first external mirror, finally internalized, into which a miss kid looks to detect her individuality. ( Scharfmann, p. 89 ) This fresh unambiguously depicts how different issues, somebeyond human control, can queer this mirror bond and do a devastation ofidentity # 8211 ; mother s face is non so the mirror. The consequence of this isdetrimental. So perception takes the topographic point of apperception, perceptual experience takesthe topographic point of that which might hold been the beginning of a significantexchange with the universe, a bipartisan procedure in which ego enrichmentalternates with the find of significance in the universe of seenthings ( Winnicott, p.113 ) . There is an intense focal point on the power of the female parent figure and thesearch for individua lity in the novel. The most of import facet of that power isthe ability to give to and have from the girl the strength of a concreteidentity, the peace in cognizing who you are, and the foresight of where youare traveling and where you have been. This beautiful and go arounding flow ofidentity realisation between the female parent and girl is non possible in thisnovel for two distinct and separate grounds, one is selfishness and the other isthe job of when the land and the organic structure do non co-occur. The motherfigure and failed mirroring is represented in two characters # 8211 ; Christophinewhose power lies in love that transcend s biological science and race, and AnnetteCosway ( the birth female parent ) who has an equal and opposite power to wreckhavoc and despair through the cold rejection of her girl. The [ birth ] female parent herself is an emblem and a victim of the colonialsystem. Her plantation is a relic, an island of white now adrift in a black seawhere, as she says, she is marooned. ( Scharfmann, p. 100 ) The protagonistAntoinette longs to hold a connexion with her biological female parent but thealienation of their relationship is evident even on the first page. Her motherAnnette, from which her ain name is a derision, is described as she prettylike reasonably self ( Wide Sargasso Sea, p 1 ) . The innuendo of such extremenarcissism is really revealing. Her coldness is proved rapidly every bit good: A frown came between her black superciliums, deep–it might hold been cut with aknife. I hated this scowl and one time touched her brow seeking to smooth it. But shepushed me off, non approximate ly, but calmly, in cold blood, without a word, as if she haddecided one time and for all that I was useless to her†¦Oh allow me entirely, she would state, letme alone. ( P. 20 ) Christophine, a old wise Obeah adult female who is a former slave of theCosways, takes over as the emotional female parent of Antoinette. Her failure liesin the distinguishable correlativity in the novel between the brooding quality of themother-daughter relationship and the land of their birth. This is the reasonthat keeps Christophine, despite all her love, from being Antoinette s mirror. Antoinette Cosway is a miss without a state. She is foreign in any settingwhether it be the land of her birth or the land of her ascendants. Even thoughChristophine is basically Antoinette female parent, her strength, the lone one whocan console Antoinette and understands all her complexnesss she can non saveAntoinette. This love may look boundless but it can non over step one deepdivide–Antoinette is non and can neer be one of Christophine s people. Christophine can non see herself in Antoinette. The contemplation is one sided.Antoinette can non be a portion of the island, she is a lone and deceasing exoticbreed–a unusual mix of Creole civilization and English tegument. She exists in themargin, she is a fuzz of different textures that are destined to disintegrate in thewake of the passing colonial manner of life. This spread can non be bridged by love, hope or understanding –for it is every bit broad as the Sargasso. She can non belong: It is that vocal about white cockroach. That s me. That s what they call us who where here before their ain people in Africa sold them to break ones back bargainers. And I # 8230 ; The remainder of the paper is available free of charge to our registered users. The enrollment procedure merely couldn # 8217 ; t be easier. Log in or registry now. It is all free! 369

The Greatest Man In U.S. Histr essays

The Greatest Man In U.S. Histr essays Abraham Lincoln, the greatest man in U.S. history, had many great accomplishments for this nation throughout his presidency. The most significant of these accomplishments was the abolishment of slavery. His love for America motivated him to do what he knew to be just. Lincoln had a meaningful, but shortened life, but he still accomplished more things than most other people in their lifetimes. Abraham Lincoln, the greatest man in U.S. history, had a childhood, education, and achievements that are exceptionally commendable. Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 in a log cabin in Hardin County, Kentucky. (Donald 22; Neely 347) Abe liked to work outdoors, and was raised to do farm work. (Sandburg 14; Neely 347) When Abe was seven, his family moved to Indiana. (Donald 23) Partly on account of slavery, Abraham recalled, but chiefly on account of difficulty in land titles in Kentucky. (Neely 347) His formal education he received in an Indiana Blab School, using only the spelling book. (Angle 23) He loved to read, especially the Bible, Aesops Fables, and Robinson Crusoe, to name a few. (Angle 23-24) In 1817, his grandparents Tom and Betsey Sparrow died of milk sick. Abes mother also died from this on October 15, 1818. (Sandburg 11) Lincoln reached his full height, 64, before he was 20. Abe was thin, awkward, big-boned, and strong in the arms. (Baritt 313) Abe was interested in politics, and would walk 30 miles to a courthouse to hear lawyers speak and to see how they argued. Abe also heard political speakers and mimicked them. In 1830, he made his first political speech, on improving the Sangamoon River for better navigation. (Sandburg 15, 21) On March 1, 1830, he left for Illinois to the town of New Salem, looking for a career to pursue. (Sandburg 20) In 1831, however, he was still unsure of his career. (Donald 38) In April ...

The Life of Astronomer Claudius Ptolemy

The Life of Astronomer Claudius Ptolemy The science of astronomy is one of humanitys oldest sciences. No one knows quite when the first people looked up and began to study the sky, but we do know that very early people began noting the sky thousands of years in the past. Written astronomical records were recorded in ancient times, often on tablets or walls or in artwork. That was when observers began charting what they saw in the sky. They didnt always understand what they observed, but realized that the skys objects move in periodic and predictable ways. Claudius Ptolemy with an armillary sphere he used to predict solstice dates and other celestial sights. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. Claudius Ptolemy (often called Claudius Ptolemaeus, Ptolomaeus, Klaudios Ptolemaios, and simply Ptolemeus) was one of the earliest of these observers. He systematically charted the sky to help predict and explain the motions of the planets and stars. He was a scientist and philosopher who lived in Alexandria, Egypt nearly 2,000 years ago. Not only was he an astronomer, but he also studied geography and used what he learned to make detailed maps of the known world. We know very little of Ptolemys early life, including his birth and death dates. Historians have more information about his observations since they became the basis for later charts and theories. The first of his observations that can be dated exactly occurred on March 12, 127. His last recorded one was February 2, 141. Some experts think his life spanned the years 87 – 150. However long he lived, Ptolemy did much to advance science and appears to have been a very accomplished observer of the stars and planets.   We get a few clues about his background from his name: Claudius Ptolemy. Its a mixture of the Greek Egyptian Ptolemy and the Roman Claudius. Together, they indicate that his family was probably Greek and they had settled in Egypt (which was under Roman rule) for some time before his birth. Very little else is known about his origins.   Ptolemy, the Scientist Ptolemys work was quite advanced, considering that he didnt have the types of tools that astronomers rely on today. He lived in a time of naked eye observations; no telescopes existed to make his life easier. Among other topics. Ptolemy  wrote about the  Greek geocentric view  of the universe (which put Earth at the center of everything). That view seemed to quite nicely put humans at the center of things, as well, a notion that was hard to shake until Galileos time. Ptolemy also calculated the apparent motions of the known planets. He did this by synthesizing and extending the work of Hipparchus of Rhodes, an astronomer who came up with a system of epicycles and eccentric circles to explain why Earth was the center of the solar system. Epicycles are small circles whose centers move around the circumferences of larger ones.  He used at least 80 of these tiny circular orbits  to explain the motions of the Sun, the Moon, and the five planets known in his time. Ptolemy expanded this concept and made many fine calculations to fine-tune it.   This drawing by astronomer Jean Dominique Cassini was influenced by the epicycles that Ptolemy refined by his mathematics and observations of the sky. public domain This system came to be called the Ptolemaic System. It was the linchpin of the theories about objects motions in the sky for nearly a millennium and a half. It predicted the positions of the planets accurately enough for naked-eye observations, but it turned out to be wrong and too complicated. As with most other scientific ideas, simpler is better, and coming up with loopy circles wasnt a good answer to why planets orbit the way they do.   Ptolemy the Writer Ptolemy was also a prolific writer in the subjects and disciplined he studied. For astronomy, he described his system in his books that make up the  Almagest (also known as Mathematical Syntaxis). It was a 13-volume mathematical explanation of astronomy  containing information about the numerical and geometrical concepts behind the motions of the Moon and known planets. He also included a star catalog that contained 48 constellations (star patterns) he could observe, all with the same names that are still in use today. As a further example of some of his scholarship, he made regular observations of the sky at the time of the solstices and equinoxes, which allowed him to figure out the lengths of the seasons. From this information, he then went on to try and describe the motion of the Sun around our planet. Of course, he was wrong because the Sun does not orbit Earth. But, without more knowledge of the solar system, it would have been very difficult for him to know that. However, his systematic approach to charting and measuring sky events and objects was among the first scientific attempts to explain what happens in the sky. The Ptolemaic System was the accepted wisdom about the motions of the solar system bodies and the importance of Earth in that system for centuries. In 1543, the Polish scholar Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric view which put the Sun at the center of the solar system. The heliocentric calculations he came up with for the movement of planets were further improved by Johannes Keplers laws of motion. Interestingly, some people doubt that Ptolemy truly believed his own system, rather he merely used it as a method of calculating positions. A page of Ptolemys Almagest translated and reproduced by Edward Ball Knobel. public domain   Ptolemy was also very important in the history of geography and cartography. He was well aware that Earth is a sphere and was the first cartographer to project the spherical shape of the planet onto a flat plane. His work, Geography  remained the principal work on the subject until the time of Columbus. It contained amazingly accurate information for the time and given the difficulties of mapping that all cartographers raced. But it did have some problems, including an overestimated size and extent of the Asian landmass. Some scholars think that the maps Ptolemy created may have been a deciding factor in Columbuss decision to sail west for the Indies and ultimately discover the continents of the western hemisphere. Fast Facts about Ptolemy Not much is known about Ptolemys early life. He was a Greek citizen living in Alexandria, Egypt.Ptolemy was a cartographer and geography, and also worked in mathematics.Ptolemy was also an avid skygazer. Sources Claudius Ptolemy, www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/Pm.html.â€Å"Claudius Ptolemy.†Ã‚  Ptolemy (about 85-about 165), www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Ptolemy.html.â€Å"Notable People.†Ã‚  Who Was Claudius Ptolemy, microcosmos.uchicago.edu/ptolemy/people.html.? Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen

Treatment Of Diabetes During The Ramadan Fasting Time Essay

Treatment Of Diabetes During The Ramadan Fasting Time - Essay Example Current study examines the methods that can be used for the treatment of diabetes during the Ramadan fasting time. Regarding this issue several other themes – related with the specific subject - are going to be presented and evaluated. Under these terms, this paper is going to extensively refer to its main subject – as stated above – presenting at the same time the main aspects and the particular characteristics of a series of issues, which could be summarized to the following ones: a) What is diabetes and which are its main types? b) which are the most known – and the most developed – methods for the treatment of diabetes, c) is there any relationship between the development of diabetes and the nutrition habits of the population, d) the nutrition followed during fasting periods, especially the Ramadan, has been proved to have any impact on the progress of the treatment of diabetes and if yes, which are the main aspects of this impact? e) is the med ical staff prepared and trained appropriately in order to handle effectively the treatment of diabetes? A special reference to the competence of medical staff to adapt the diabetes’ treatment to the nutrition ‘ethics’ of the Ramadan fasting period is going to be made at this point, f) which are the prospects for the development of diabetes’ treatment during the Ramadan fasting period (reference to experiments made in the relevant field).

How Popular Forms of Written Communications in Information Technology Research Paper

How Popular Forms of Written Communications in Information Technology can be Improved - Research Paper Example The forms of written communications in information technology can be improved through genres of writing, writing styles, and collaboration strategies, because business aims and issues, have the capacity to be affected by written communication. Introduction There are many types of written communication utilized within business. Companies utilize written communication to inculcate employees on company guiding principles, let customers know about goods, as well as services, and to explain to investors of business strategies. The answer to writing effectual company communication is by tailoring the form of communication to your target addressees. The message should be written in a clear, simple and to the point manner, so individuals can easily comprehend your message. This paper will discuss how popular forms of written communications in information technology can be improved. This is because these types of written communication such as e-mails, letters of recommendation, and blogs play important roles in accomplishing business aims such as efficiency, profit, and ethical conduct within computer sciences, as well as Information technology. ... Electronic mail in Information Technology can be improved by making sure that they are relatively casual, but at the same time they ought to still come across as professional (Sides, 2009). This can be assured by addressing the business’s emails to all anticipated parties. The electronic mail can list the precise topic of your electronic mail in the subject region. The company should keep away from writing extensive paragraphs in their emails, and they ought to break text up with smaller paragraphs, as well as bullet points. Emails can be improved including the search box so the company can begin searching as soon as the tab is hit, and it will look for the senders name, correspondents email address, subject, as well as body of the electronic mail in real time for the company’s search criterion. Electronic mail can be improved by including a feature of a small piece of the message body within the column,  grayed  out so that it does not disagree with the subject. Th at assists with having the capacity to distinguish between like emails at a glimpse, and gives more data about every electronic mail in the listing in an unremarkable way. Electronic mail can be improved by opting for multiple emails allowing the company to tag  numerous  items at once (Haas, 2010). Electronic mail can be improved by having the ability to select numerous emails from the listing and add a linkage to all those electronic mails at once. Electronic emails can also be improved by incorporating a feature that has the capacity to list electronic mails by the initial letter of the correspondent’s name. An electronic mail can be improved by incorporating a feature that enables splitting into subjects that could produce discussions that possess an existence of their

The book A Christmas Carol Essay Example for Free

The book A Christmas Carol Essay The three ghosts add to the popularity of the novel. First of all they take Scrooge on a journey. This is popular because it gives a sense of adventure and adventure themes are very popular for example Charlotte Bronti s Jane Eyre and Emily Bronti s Wuthering heights. The reason these adventures were so popular is because it is a journey through time. This is a new thing for the Victorians which creates shock nowadays. We relate to this through television like doctor who. Also this makes scrooge change; this makes it popular as its not all about visiting place, its about he reacts and changes. At the end of the novel scrooge has completely changed. He has changed from being old, miserable and mean; to being kind and exhilarated (quote). In the first paragraph Dickens cleverly used scrooges voice to describe the room (quote). This makes us empathise with him and feel his excitement. Dickens also uses repetition to emphasise scrooges laugh (quote). He does this to make sure that the audience has noticed that he is laughing. Scrooge also sends for a giant turkey for Bob cratchitt and gives the boy money for getting it. He also pays for a cab so the delivery person doesnt have to carry it. This part of the novel shows how much scrooge has changed. He has become generous, kind and considerate. Next scrooge walks around the street greeting people. He also bumps into the charity collectors who he gave a huge contribution too. You begin to see that Dickens has cleverly repeated the events from stave 1, but made them chances for scrooge to be generous, for example the boy, the charity men, his nephew This has a huge effect on people and most of them are surprised and happy for example the charity men. Cried the old gentleman. This is repeated to show his pleasure. Again this emphasises the point and makes us relate and feel the enthusiasm and joy.

Government Censorship :: Internet Censoring Government Essays

Government Censorship Thesis: Government Censorship would damage the atmosphere of the freedom to express ideas on the Internet; therefore, government should not encourage censorship. The Internet is a wonderful place of entertainment and education but like all places used by millions of people, it has some murky corners people would prefer children not to explore. In the physical world society as a whole conspires to protect children, but there are no social or physical constraints to Internet surfing. The Internet Censorship Bill of 1995, also known as the Exon/Coats Communications Decency Act, has been introduced in the U.S. Congress. It would make it a criminal offense to make available to children anything that is indecent, or to send anything indecent with "intent to annoy, abuse, threaten, or harass" ("Stop the Communications ..." n.p.). The goal of this bill as written (though not as stated by its proponents) is to try to make all public discourse on the Internet suitable for young children. The issue of whether is it necessary to have censorship on the Internet is being argued all over the world. There are numerous homepages on the World Wide Web discussing this issue, or asking people to sign the petition to stop government censorship. The Internet was originally a place for people to freely express their ideas worldwide. It is also one of America's most valuable types of technology; scientists use email for quick and easy communication. They post their current scientific discoveries on the Usenet newsgroups so other scientists in the same field of study all over the world can know in minutes. Ordinary people use the Net for communication, expressing their opinions in the newsgroups, obtaining up-to-date information from the WWW, acquiring files by using FTP, etc. Censorship would damage the atmosphere of the freedom to express ideas on the Internet; therefore, government should not encourage censorship. In the Internet community, there is a large volume of technical terms. For this reason, it is first necessary to examine the terminology specific to Internet. The Internet is a world wide computer network. The "Net" is frequently used in place of Internet. In the words of Allison and Baxter, two experts on Internet Censorship at the Monash University, "the Internet is comprised of various digital media subsuming many of the distinct roles of traditional media" (Allison and Baxter 3). Electronic mail (email), which is one component of the Internet, approximates person to person letters, memoranda, notes and even phone calls.

Corporate Finance Case Study: Volkswagen Essay

Volkswagen (VW) Volkswagen (VW) is a German automobile manufacturer which was originally founded in 1937. Now VW Group is one of world’s leading automobile manufacturers and the largest carmaker in Europe, with its recent headquarter in Wolfsburg. VW is one of the ten brands under VW Group. (Volkswagen Homepage, 2011) 2011 VW’s revenue is 159,337 million EUR; net income is 15,409 million EUR, with a profit margin of 9.6707%. (Bloomberg, 2012) The increase from 2010 to 2011 is illustrated obviously in the following chart. (Bloomberg, 2012) Income Statement for Volkswagen AG (VOW) 2010-2011, Bloomberg, 2012 Volkswagen stock (VOW: GR) The current share price, close (Apr 13, 2012) is 119.3 EUR, its 52-week range is 82.350 – 138.800 EUR, and its 1-year return is 14.26%, as well as, market capitalization is 56,601.00 million EUR. (Bloomberg, 2012) Interactive One-year Stock Chart for Volkswagen AG (VOW), Bloomberg, 2011-2012 VOW’s Earning Per Share (ttm) is 33.1 EUR, current P/E Ratio (ttm) is 3.5408, and Dividend Per Share (yield annualized) is 1.8771 EUR. (Bloomberg, 2012) SWOT Analysis In order to draw a conclusion for VW’s stock rating, SWOT analysis is conducted in this part. Strengths High product quality Strong brand equity VW group’s brand portfolio includes Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, SEAT, 49.9% of Porsche, Giugiaro, Ã…  koda marques and the truck manufacturer Scania and MAN. (VW Homepage, 2012) Strong R&D Weaknesses High costs for implementing the new modular technology (Just-auto, 2012) Inadequate focus on shareholder interests (VW Corporate Governance Code, 2010) Comparatively low productivity Opportunities Good return on VW stocks VW Group Share EPS 2003-2010, VW investor relations, 2012 Large purchasing power increase in Chinese market Acquisitions The Volkswagen Group continued its strategic growth trajectory by acquiring Porsche Holding Salzburg and increasing its stake in MAN SE. (VW ad hoc, 2011) Threats Euro-zone’s debt crisis and consequently global recession in 2011 Increasing fuel price Strong competition from Japanese and American manufacturers Such as Ford, Toyota, Honda, e.t.c. Stock Rating The investment decision made in this report is to hold VW stock, namely equal-weight as its stock rating. First of all, VW has good performance last year; for instance, both VW’s revenue and net income grew considerably from 2010 to 2011, even with the negative influence from European debt crisis in the 4th quarter of 2011. Moreover, last year VW Group continued its strategic growth by acquiring 49.9% of Porsche and increasing its stake in MAN SE. This year only in January and February, VW Passenger Cars’ delivery to customers reached the number of 818,800, with an 8% growth comparing with the same time of last year. In addition, VW’s market is growing continuously and dramatically in China these years. Until 2018, VW’s goal of market growth in China is 29.1%. (VW strategy 2018, 2012) Secondly, VW share’s valuation and earning kept growing stably under the recent years, expect 2009. For example, stock’s EPS grew substantially from 2005 to 2010, which is illustrated clearly in VW Group Share EPS 2003-2010 chart above. Last but not least, from the long-term perspective, VW has very good potential of strategically growth. According to VW’s strategic plan 2018, their future vision is to become the world’s most profitable, fascinating and sustainable automobile manufacturer. Furthermore, even today VW has already very high customer satisfaction (rating scale 8.55 out of 10, 2011) because its high quality and service standards. In order to draw a  conclusion, if we look into the previous SWOT analysis again, today’s internal weakness could become tomorrow’s strength; applying new modular transverse toolkit technique would bring large profit to VW in the long-run, in spite of today’s high R&D and implementing costs. Thus, VW share is a good choice for long-term investment. Nevertheless, taking the external threats into consideration, especially facing nowadays’ depression for both automobile industry and global economy, stock investment should be very cautious, therefore, in summary, we rated VW stock as equal-weight, which means it is recommended to hold the share as long-term investment. References Bloomberg, 2012. http://www.bloomberg.com/quote/VOW:GR Just-auto, 2012. http://www.just-auto.com/news/4-volkswagen-hikes-2011-operating-profit-59-to-new-record_id120644.aspx Volkswagen Homepage, 2011. http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/content/en/homepage.html VW strategy 2018, 2012. http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/talks_and_presentations/2012/03/JPK_IK_2012_Part_III_.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/Part_III_Charts_Winterkorn.pdf

Australia vs. Netherlands Essay

Assignment 1: Cross-Cultural Dimensions Describe the effect of the cross-cultural dimensions of both Hofstede and Trompenaars on two subjects for both your home country as the country of your internship Trompenaars Australia 1. Universalism vs. particularism 2. Individualism vs. collectivism 3. Neutral vs. emotional 4. Specific vs. diffuse 5. Achievement vs. ascription 6. Sequential vs. synchronic 7. Internal vs. external control Leadership Leadership in Australia is very much based on rules. Therefore, clear instructions are given to the employees at all time, so that every single employee knows what he or she has to do. Because of the individualism, people all work for themselves. Together, however, they make sure the organisation’s result is positive. Group work is not really integrated in the Australian culture. Australians have the perception, because of their neutral character, that people can work together perfectly, without bonding in their personal lives. All of the above leads to a straight leadership. A manager talks to his or her employees to tell them what they have to do individually. No groups have to be monitored, so the manager can really concentrate on his own task and organise the workforce per individual. Organisational culture The organisational culture in Australia is also based on this individualism. As mentioned under ‘leadership’, Australian people mainly work individually. They believe that people should take their own decisions and must be self-reliant within a business and not dependent on managers or colleagues. Furthermore, the organisation is very strict. It is a loose and indirect organisation up to a certain extent. The communication between people within the organisation is very informal and direct. At the same time, the whole organisation is based on rules. Rules are more important than relationships according to the Australian culture. Netherlands 1. Universalism vs. particularism 2. Individualism vs. collectivism 3. Neutral vs. emotional 4. Specific vs. diffuse 5. Achievement vs. ascription 6. Sequential vs. synchronic 7. Internal vs. external control Leadership The Dutch leadership is based on the universalism, in other words on strict rules. Everything is determined with rules. However, the atmosphere at the working place is not strict. The communication from manager to employees is direct and formal. Employees know exactly what they are up to and can work on their work individually. Leaders trust their employees in this, they count on their employees to be self-reliant and independent in their work. Furthermore, Dutch managers work with strict deadlines. The Dutch culture is very much based on punctuality. They eat at 6 o’clock, they go to sleep at 11 o’clock. The same counts in the business-life. When a task is given to you, you are to make sure it is finished before the deadline set. Whenever possible, leaders give their employees reassurance that they are doing a good job. Employees also need this positive feedback to boost their self-confidence, which gives them a positive ‘get-up-and-go’ attitude. Good perf ormance is appreciated and rewarded. Organisational culture The organisational culture is mainly individual. The Dutch people want every single person to be happy. Therefore, they tend to give feedback all the time to boost self-confidence, they let everybody do their say in a discussion, etc. Furthermore, everybody is expected to have their work done before the set deadline. Dutch people are very punctual and therefore do not like people who show up late at meetings or who hand in their work too late. Next to these strict deadlines, almost everything is based on rules. Even to such an extent that rules come before relationships. Dutch people work together individually, which means that by all doing their work in the right way, they deliver a good organisation-wide result. Conclusion According to the cultural dimensions of Trompenaars, the Australian and the Dutch culture are very much alike. They only differ in one category, namely the internal vs. external control, where the Australian focus more on internal control, whereas the Netherlands concentrates more on external control. The other factors are all the same. Some are to a lesser extent, such as the achievement, which is far higher in Australia. However, it can be concluded that the Australian and the Dutch business culture are quite the same, certainly in the areas of leadership and organisational culture. Hofstede Australia 1. Power distance – 36 2. Individualism – 90 3. Masculinity – 61 4. Uncertainty Avoidance -51 5. Long-term Orientation-31 Leadership The hierarchical structure in Australia is nearly flat. To use Hofstede’s words: The power distance in Australia is relatively low. Managers are always easily accessible by employees and ask employees for their opinions. This kind of mutual information sharing leads to the best results for the workforce as a whole. If someone bosses the others around, a negative atmosphere arises and therefore the productivity might also suffer under these circumstances. This is not the case when information is shared on a regular basis, so that everybody knows what the company is up to and what is expected of him or her individually. This way, people can all work individually on what is expected of them and therefore, at the same time, deliver a good ‘group result’, because everybody does his own thing, so that everything is done eventually. People are not working closely together, because of the highly individualistic Australian culture, in which self-reliance is expected of the employees. Organisational culture The organisational culture is, as mentioned above, highly individualistic. There is some kind of cooperation, but this is not cooperation as we know it. Together, they make sure all the work is done, but this is not by really working together. The organisational culture is very transparent. Because of this transparency, every individual knows what is going on in the company and therefore knows what he or she is ought to do. Eventually, good individual work in all different departments adds up to a positive result in the organisation as a whole. This result is reviewed every quarter, because of the short-term-oriented Australian culture This individuality is because of the masculine character of Australian people. All people want to be the very best. They want to reach whatever their capacity allows them to achieve. And preferably as quickly as possible. Therefore, they mainly work for themselves and mainly care about their own well-being and the organisation is of secondary importance. Still, this characteristic is seen as an asset by many companies. People are hired on the basis of their winners mentality. This can, of course, be a good characteristic, but it should not be exaggerated, because then it can go at the cost of the organisation as a whole, which is of course not the intention. Netherlands 1. Power distance – 38 2. Individualism – 80 3. Masculinity – 14 4. Uncertainty Avoidance – 53 5. Long-term Orientation – 44 Leadership The power distance in the Dutch organisations is quite low. The hierarchical structure is quite flat. This, together with the feminine culture means that employees can communicate with their managers properly and managers also communicate with their staff. Therefore, the atmosphere in Dutch companies is generally good. The managers do not boss people around and they even ask their employees for their expertise and feedback. From an employee point of view, they can talk to the manager to ask for feedback, but only up to a certain extent. The individualistic culture of the Dutch organisations means that employees should be self-reliant and take initiatives. Organisational culture The Dutch organisational culture is one of punctuality, long discussions and impatience. First of all, the punctuality. The Dutch organisation is based on rules, punctuality and certainty. They want to avoid risk as much as possible and therefore try to make rules for everything, so that as little as possible can go wrong. The Dutch femininity means that they want the best for everyone. Therefore, discussions are mainly solved by compromises, which usually takes quite some time. In masculine cultures, decisions are made without looking at the preferences of certain groups, but because the Dutch believe in solidarity and equality, they want everybody to have their say, which leads to long discussions with compromises as end results. The Dutch impatience can be seen in their goal-mindedness. They want results to be achieved as quickly as possible. Furthermore, they want to keep up with the competition at every single moment. Therefore long-term plans are seldom made. Strategies are often adapted to that of their competitors, which makes it impossible to set a long-term organisational strategy. Conclusion Summarizing all of the above, the Australian culture and the Dutch culture do not differ that much. The only big difference is that the Dutch are feminine and the Australian are masculine, which makes the Australian organisational culture even more individualistic than the already individualistic Dutch culture. The Australians are more self-minded, whereas the Dutch want everybody to be equal and therefore do not take decisions themselves very often. When looking at the graph below, one can see that the two cultures do not differ all that much. Source: http://geert-hofstede.com/netherlands.html Assignment 2: Theoretical Models Relate to theoretical models to describe the above mentioned effect. Flat organisational structure. The model that can be found in both countries, Australia and the Netherlands, is the flat organisational structure. This means that managers do have a higher function, but do not act like they have a higher function. The flat organisational structure is the opposite of a highly hierarchical structure as described in Max Weber’s ‘bureaucratic organisation’ 1. In hierarchical structures, the organogram has several layers from top to bottom, whereas the flat organisational structure has one layer, in which the managers are besides the employees that work in lower functions. This means that managers and employees in lower functions work closely together. The employees can easily go to their managers to talk about business-related cases and the manager trusts on his or her employees’ expertise in the problem-solving of the organisation. This way, as Argyris also describes in his theory of adult personality2, a great mutual understanding and respect is created between managers and their employees. This mutual understanding and respect leads to a more positive attitude of all employees, which leads to better results for the organisation as a whole. Maslow’s theory of human needs A big difference can be found, when looking at Maslow’s theory of human needs. Maslow’s theory is based on two underlying principles, namely the ‘deficit principle’ and the ‘progression principle’. Mainly in the ‘progression principle’, there is a difference between Australia and the Netherlands. First of all, which are the human needs Maslow is talking about? In the ‘progression principle’, Maslow says that a need at any level is activated only when the next-lower-level need is satisfied3. In this definition, there is of course no difference. However, in the hierarchy of these needs, there is a difference. Because of the competitive character of Australian business people, as a result from their masculine background, the self-actualisation need in Australia is far higher than in the Netherlands, where people often still work together. Self-actualisation is the 5th need in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Based on t his higher self-actualisation in Australia, however, one can wonder if this is the fifth need in Australia as well. 1. Assignment 3: Cross-Cultural Differences Find out what the most important work related cross cultural differences are between your home country and the country of your internship. Explain them based on the cross cultural dimensions. Masculinity vs. femininity One of the biggest differences between the Australian and the Dutch business is the masculinity of Australia versus the femininity of the Netherlands. Australian masculinity is expressed in the urge of Australian people to be the best they can be and to reach the optimal allocation of their own strengths. Australian managers also pay attention to what people have achieved in the past, when hiring people. This makes the Australian market much more competitive than the Dutch market, because the Australian market is goal-oriented. This results in employees taking their own decisions, without consulting others. Contrary to this quick and efficient decision making, the Dutch tend to discuss problems with everyone until a compromise is reached. This is a highly feminine characteristic. Dutch people want to reach a consensus, before they take decisions. Internal vs. external control Another big difference between the two business cultures is the internal control versus the external control from Trompenaars, in which both countries differ. The internal control in the business culture of Australia is mainly recognisable in the behaviour of Australian managers. They tell their employees what to do and they trust that the work will be done before the determined deadline. They do not support their employees along the way or give them feedback on the work they are doing. The external control in the business culture of the Netherlands is mainly recognisable in the supportive behaviour of Dutch managers. They provide people with the right resources to do their job properly and afterwards give them feedback several times along the way. The Dutch employees are more ‘dependent’ on the help and constructive feedback of their managers/leaders. This gives them the self-confidence to do their work with a positive attitude. Wages The wages in the Netherlands are more fixed than the wages in Australia. In most Dutch businesses, people get a fixed salary, whereas in Australia, the salary is a low basis salary with on top commissions, which are linked to your performance. In some Dutch businesses, the strategy of incentives, bonuses or commissions is used as well, but in Australia, this wage strategy is quite common. Therefore, the Australian market is more competitive than the Dutch market. Australians have to sell products to get high wages, whereas Dutch business people know that whatever they sell, they will get the same salary, which provides much more security than the strategy the Australians tend to use. Do’s Be selfish; work by yourself and in this process, try to be the best you can be. This can lead to a higher salary because of commissions as well. When you do not grab chances, others will. Clearly state your qualifications; make a clear CV, in which you state everything you have done in the past that could be in any way relevant for that specific job. Be decisive; expect less monitoring than you would get in the Netherlands, so sometimes you have to take your own decisions. Be self-confident; Australian managers, as opposed to Dutch managers, expect that you can perform a task from start to finish without feedback along the way. Don’ts Expect extensive support; Australian managers do not give feedback along the way, whereas in the Netherlands this is usual. Try to reach a consensus; in the Netherlands, decisions are mostly reached by consensus, do not try this in Australia, where decisions are mainly made individually, quick and efficiently. Expect fixed wages; wages consist of a basis salary and bonuses or commissions, that are granted for good performance. Assignment 4: Questions/Hypotheses Clearly define at least two challenging business oriented questions/hypotheses which you want to have answered during your stay abroad. Hand in a clearly defined ‘ Plan of Action’ how you will come with the answers. Does the flat organisational structure also count for international interns? In other words, is an international intern also trusted for his or her expertise by people in higher functions? The best way to find this out is by going there and experiencing it. I want to go on an internship to really learn something, which is relevant for my future career in the business life. I am not going to Australia because of the nice weather and the white beaches. I am going to Australia to obtain relevant experience, which will be of great value for my career in business. Therefore, I want to get as important as possible within the company where my internship will be. That is why I wonder how important they allow me to be. Do they really involve me in decision-making? In other words, am I treated as an equal or not? To find this out, I will interview an intern that has already been to Australia to discuss the organisational differences and which qualities are appreciated most in Australia. Afterwards, I will make up for myself, together with a colleague, an employer and a co-student, whether I have these qualities and how I can use these the best in a company where I start as a stranger. Lastly, I will of course try to get involved as much as possible and in this process, I will find out if they really give me the chance of becoming important. Can I function the same when I am 17000 km from home? I am not only going to Australia to obtain working experience. I am also going there to grow responsibility and to obtain further social experience. I have lived with my parents for my whole life now and my stay in Marseille from September to December will me my first experience living on my own. However, from Marseille to the Netherlands is just 1100 kilometres, so if I need anything, I have the possibility to go home in the meantime. However, when I am 17000 kilometres from home, this is not a possibility anymore, so I really have to cope by myself. Another difference is that I am going to Marseille with two class mates. To Australia, I will be going alone, which makes is even more nerve-wracking. My stay in Australia will be my first experience completely on my own, far, far away from home. So for me, it is, next to an incredible working experience, also a real life experience. I am going to grow responsibility and maturity, which will change me as a person. I am curious whether this will have its effect on my behaviour on the work floor as well and if this situation allows me to function the same as I would do here. This question, I plan to answer by setting up a list of competences, which I will let one of my current employers, one co-student and one colleague fill in. After my stay in Australia, I will give the same list of competences to my internship coordinator and a colleague in Australia. By comparing the results of these lists, I can find out whether there are many differences and whether they are in my advantage or in my disadvantage. Besides, I will, of course, experience it myself and describe the process of my self-development on a personal level as well as on a business level in a process report. Bibliography Websites Austrade. (2012, March 23). Doing Business in the Netherlands. Retrieved May 21, 2012, from Austrade: http://www.austrade.gov.au/Doing-business-in-the-Netherlands/default.aspx Itim. (n.d.). Geert Hofstede. Retrieved May 21, 2012, from Geert Hofstede: http://geert-hofstede.com/ John Daly, S. S. (2004). Nursing Leadership. Retrieved May 21, 2012, from Google Books: http://books.google.nl/books?id=TrN3ZS0CNQcC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=Trompenaars+Australia&source=bl&ots=mrfFE84Iuj&sig=Tqy2bx–eE6UhcfvYTqI7uKuNFc&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=O267T7XBEoWP-wbvpqjUDA&ved=0CGIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Trompenaars%20Australia&f=false Meehan, C. L. (2012). Flat Vs. Hierarchical Organizational Structure. Retrieved May 22, 2012, from Small Business: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/flat-vs-hierarchical-organizational-structure-724.html Mindtools. (n.d.). The Seven Dimensions of Culture. Retrieved May 21, 2012, from Mindtools: http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/seven-dimensions.htm Sagepub. (2006, July 13). Dimens ions of Culture. Retrieved May 22, 2012, from Sagepub : http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/11711_Chapter7.pdf Books Schemerhorn, J. R. (2010). Introduction to Management 10th edition. View as multi-pages

A Strong Central Government Essays

A Strong Central Government Essays A Strong Central Government Essay A Strong Central Government Essay A Strong Central Government In the 21st century Washington should have greater power to dictate national policy because the central government of the federated self-governing state speaks and acts for the entire country with its relations and dealings with foreign governments. In this sense, the national government is the sole holder of self-government. Only the national government can operate as the government of a completely independent political community. The national constitution gives the central government control over matters of common concern to the country as a whole and permits the constituent political communities to regulate matters of more local concern. The states and the federal government are considered supreme in their own sphere of power, although there is considerable overlap (Cropf, p. 106). Understanding that the states cannot make laws that supersede that of the federal government, it is my belief that in the arenas concerning education, health and others the federal government has and should have a greater power of force than local government since we all are aware from experience how local government has and can be influenced by local customs, such as the desire and belief in slavery by southern states. If not for the force of the federal government, slavery would still be legal in the few states. The federal system uses the states to rein in the power of central government, and vice versa (Cropf, p. 06). Lately, you would think with the advent of such political voices as the Tea Party and other so called reformist groups, that the federal powers are a hindrance the average person. I for one disagree. If I could on my on amend the document that give us the freedoms we enjoy, I would give more power to the federal government for the collective to better be in agreemen t. The federal government acts as a central focal point for the states and in an ideal setting the collective voice of the states would be the law of the land, understanding that the lawmakers are a body of people from the states. Yes, it is popular to think that the federal law comes from some entity we don’t know, but truth be told the federal laws we enjoy are the product of the states through their reps making collective laws for the collective. States and local government are responsible for delivering most of the public services in the United States (Cropf, p. 112). Each state has the power to regulate the conduct of individuals within the borders of a state in order to protect the health, safety, morals, and welfare of the citizens of the states. In other words the state must act in the public’s best interest within the state to regulate human conduct to safeguard and promote the general welfare, or common good of the state. As states are given additional power, one result is extra legislation emerging from the states dealing with a broader number of problems. This drive is controlled by the certainty that giving states more flexibility permits them to better address local issues. They need to design a long-term plan which would help reduce fiscal deficits in the years to come. I feel this would restore confidence in the markets, keep interest rates from going up and encourage superior self-assurance and confidence about future tax and spending policies, in this manner encouraging businesses to entrust their resources to creating more jobs. The Affordable Care Act puts people, not health insurance companies or government, in charge of health care and the new law strengthens the existing employer-based health insurance market while making the market fair for consumers by implementing landmark consumer protections (The White House). In a federal system, the national government holds important power, but the lesser political subdivisions also hold important power. Federal systems are chosen for a number of reasons. The size of the nation might be one concern; the diversity of the political subdivisions might be another. The United States combines a bit of both: the size of the continental United States made a unitary system unwieldy, and the diverse interests of the states made confederation impossible (U. S. Constitution Online). Federalism in the United States has progressed somewhat a bit since it was first implemented in 1787. References Cropf, R. (2008). American public administration: public service for the 21st century. New York, NY: Pearson Longman. The White House. President Barack Obama. Retrieved on July 8, 2011 from whitehouse. gov/ U. S. Constitution Online. (1995-2011). Retrieved on July 9, 2011 from usconstitution. net/index. html

Coulombs Law Definition in Science

Coulomb's Law Definition in Science Coulombs law is a physical  law stating the force between two charges is proportional to the amount of charge on both charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The law is also known as Coulombs inverse square law. Coulombs Law Equation The formula for Coulomb law is used to express the force through which stationary charged particles attract or repel one another. The force is attractive if the charges attract each other (have opposite signs) or repulsive if the charges have like signs. The scalar form of Coulombs law is:F kQ1Q2/r2 or F ∠ Q1Q2/r2wherek Coulombs constant (9.0Ãâ€"109 N m2 C−2) F force between the chargesQ1 and Q2 amount of charger distance between the two charges A vector form of the equation is also available, which may be used to indicate both the magnitude and direction of the force between the two charges. There are three requirements which must be met in order to use Coulombs law: The charges must be stationary with respect to each other.The charges must be non-overlapping.The charges must be either point charges or else otherwise spherically symmetrical in shape. History Ancient people were aware certain objects could attract or repel each other. At the time, the nature of electricity and magnetism was not understood, so the underlying principle behind magnetic attraction/repulsion versus the attraction between an amber rod and fur was thought to be the same. Scientists in the 18th century suspected the force of the attraction or repulsion diminished based on the distance between two objects. Coulombs law was published by French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb in 1785. It may be used to derive Gausss law. The law is considered to be analogous to Newtons inverse square law of gravity. Sources Baigrie, Brian (2007). Electricity and Magnetism: A Historical Perspective. Greenwood Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-313-33358-3Stewart, Joseph (2001). Intermediate Electromagnetic Theory. World Scientific. p. 50. ISBN 978-981-02-4471-2

Unit 3 Public Health in my backyard Research Paper

Unit 3 Public Health in my backyard - Research Paper Example The programs on public health will surely develop the individual’s interests, career and goals in life. One of the famous program on psychiatric unit is the AA—Alcohol Anonymous Program, which follows a twelve-step recovery model treatment program. The program assists the person with substance abuse problem. In addition, AA does not involve any monetary obligations but would make a contractual requirement with the treatment agencies respectively (Galanter and Kaskutas, 2008, p. 3-4). Alcohol Anonymous is distinctive, unique and voluntary mutual aid organization. Community Assessments is important in determining the population who is at risk of disease or health disparities. In doing an assessment and to identify the problem, they use qualitative and quantitative measures. For example, the community organizer uses techniques to solve the problems easily such as doing surveys, interviews, and even questionnaires. As a result, the organizer can assess the population who is most affected, the factors that contribute in exacerbating the problem. Public Health Programs are assessed, diagnosed, planned and finally implemented based on the community assessments and the resources available in the area, which will potentially lead to change and improvement of the community (Harris, 2010, p. 3). I remember one of my cousins named Kaye who weighs 120 pounds (57 kg.) at the age of 11. By merely observing Kaye, I can tell that she is overweight. Kaye always asked the school nurse why she is always included in the list of malnourished children when she believes that she’s not. Learning this, Kaye’s grandmother decided to join the health program in the community—the healthy dieting program, weight monitoring, and exercise program to solve Kaye’s problem. The case of Kaye involves five (5) stages of behavioral change: (Riegelman,